A power distribution unit (PDU) is a device designed to distribute electric power to servers, networking hardware, telecom equipment, and other devices located within a data center. It does not generate or condition power, but delivers AC power from an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), a generator, or utility power source.
Traditional data center power distribution designs consist of multiple PDUs delivering power to remote power panels (RPPs) throughout the building, which in turn deliver power to network hardware racks via power cabling routed underneath a raised floor called “whips”.
PDU’s typically consist of a main input circuit breaker, an isolation output transformer, a monitoring/operation control panel, an integrated communication server, and a subfeed breaker system. The unit provides power distribution, voltage transformation, metering, status monitoring, and load profiling housed in a single, free-standing cabinet.
Power from the AC source is routed through the PDU main input breaker and the isolation output transformer to the distribution bus or cable. From here, power is delivered to subfeed breakers and is then distributed to critical loads.
Power Distribution Units voltage transformation, metering, status monitoring, and load profiling housed in a single, free-standing cabinet. Photo: TestGuy
Main Input Breaker – The incoming power feed is connected to the main input breaker, when closed the isolation transformer will become energized, sending power to the subfeed breakers.
Output Transformer - PDU transformers are designed for efficient isolation and provide 208Vac power from a 380 Vac, 400 Vac, 415 Vac, 480Vac, or 600 Vac input. Copper wound transformers increase performance and will significantly reduce EMI and RFI noise. The typical operating range for a power distribution unit is anywhere from 50kVA up to 800kVA.
Subfeed Breakers - Depending on the style of PDU, the subfeed breaker system may consist of large MCCB’s which feed smaller remote power panelboards, or the branch circuit panels may be integrated into the PDU enclosure itself.
Surge Suppression – Data center PDU’s supply power to sensitive electronic components, which require protection from damaging transients, surges, and electrical line noise. This device is tapped off the subfeed bus and equipped with a circuit breaker for isolation during maintenance. Surge arresters may also be present on the primary side.
Metering – Integrated power meters at the PDU enclosure provide status and event information to operating personnel and building managers. Typical monitoring features include input/ouput voltage & current, kVA, kW, frequency, percent loading, and load profiling. Capacity and redundancy can be managed on every circuit.
Control Panel – PDU control panels are usually small touchscreen or push button displays that allow the user to change the unit configuration or view metering parameters.
Communication Module - Remote monitoring of the control panel or metering package interfaces to the building management system, utilizing network technologies such as Modbus and web server.
Infrared Ports - Optional inspection ports may be installed on a PDU enclosure for easy transformer tap and terminal inspections using IR temperature measuring equipment.
Data Center Electrical Power Distribution Simplified Example. Photo: TestGuy
Power Distribution Units generally require very little in terms of operating sequence. Closing the main input breaker will typically energize the transformer and subsequent sub feeders. Additional startup steps may be required through the control panel, if equipped.
Optional shunt trip terminals can be used to easily connect subfeed breaker to emergency off devices. Auxiliary contact connections can also provided to allow monitoring of the breaker open or closed status.
Acceptance testing should be performed on all new installations prior to energizing. Each component of the PDU is individually inspected and electrically tested to ensure reliability and safety before startup.
Once in service, periodic inspections of the PDU should be made to determine if components, wiring, and connections exhibit evidence of overheating. Particular attention should be given to bolted connections to ensure efficient current paths.
Related: Thermographic Inspection of Electrical Distribution Equipment
A brief overview of common electrical tests for each component is listed below. Which tests are performed on each PDU component is to be determined by the equipment owner and individual project specifications.
Circuit Breakers (MCCB)
Isolation Transformer
PDU Bus
Grounding
Metering
Instrument transformers
Surge Arresters
Operational Checks
The tests above are performed in addition to a thorough visual/mechanical inspection and cleaning the unit periodically. All tests should be conducted with equipment de-energized by a qualified testing agency utilizing certified test technicians.
Want more information on Distribution Panel Commissioning? Click the link below to contact us.